The dateset of the ground-based RPG-8CH-DP microwave radiometer observations was obtained in the Biandukou foci experimental area from Mar. 14 to 17, 2008. Observation items included the brightness temperature by the ground-based microwave radiometer (18.7GHz and 36.5GHz), the soil temperature by the thermal resistor, the gravimetric soil moisture by the microwave drying method, and the surface roughness by the grid board. The wheat stubble land (38°15'44.13"N, 100°55'35.34"E) was chosen for continuous observations from 11:00 to 24:00 on Mar. 14, with the incidence 20°-70° and the step length 5°. The rape stubble land (38°15'23.17"N, 100°58'37.84"E) was chosen for continuous observations from 10:00 to 21:30 on Mar. 16, with the incidence 20°-70° and the step length 5°. The deep plowed land (38°18'8.28"N, 101° 3'27.22"E) was chosen for short time observations from 17:26 to 19:20 on Mar. 17, with the azimuth angle 240°-300° and the step length 10°, the incidence 40°-70° and the step length 5°. The brightness temperature was archived as .BRT and .txt files (the ASCII format). Each row in .txt was listed by year, month, date, hour, minute, second, 6.925GHz (h), 6.925GHz (v), 10.65GHz (h), 10.65GHz (v) , 18.7GHz (h), 18.7GHz (v), 36.5GHz (h), 36.5GHz (v), the elevation angle, and the azimuth angle. Values for 6.925GHz and 10.65GHz were zero due to malfunction. The roughness data were obtained by the grid board and the camera and the RMS height (cm) and correlation length (cm) were also calculated and archived, which could be opened by Notepad or Microsoft Office Word. Those provide reliable reference for the roughness of the same land cover type. The gravimetric soil moisture (soil samples from 0-1cm, 1-3cm and 3-5cm) was measured by the microwave drying method. The file can be opened by Microsoft Office Word. The shallow layer soil moisture was measured by hydra prob from 12:00 to 17:00 on 14 and by the Hydra probe (straight downward for 0-5cm) and HH2 (level into the soil surface) on 16. The surface temperature was measured by the thermal resistor. The file can be opened by Microsoft Office Word. Four data files were included, the brightness temperature, the surface temperature, the soil moisture and the surface roughness.
CHANG Sheng, LIANG Xingtao, PAN Jinmei, PENG Danqing, ZHANG Yongpan, ZHANG Zhiyu, ZHAO Shaojie, Zhao Tianjie, ZHENG Yue, YIN Xiaojun, ZHANG Zhiyu
This dataset includes data recorded by the Cold and Arid Research Network of Lanzhou university obtained from an observation system of Meteorological elements gradient of Xiyinghe Station from January 1 to December 31, 2018. The site (101.853E, 37.561N) was located on a alpine meadow in the Menyuan,Qinghai Province. The elevation is 3639 m. The installation heights and orientations of different sensors and measured quantities were as follows: air temperature and humidity profile (2, 4, and 8 m, towards north), wind speed and direction profile (windsonic; 2, 4, and 8 m, towards north), air pressure (1.5 m), rain gauge (4 m), four-component radiometer (4 m, towards south), infrared temperature sensors (4 m, towards south, vertically downward), photosynthetically active radiation (4 m, towards south), soil heat flux (-0.05 m and -0.1m in south of tower), soil soil temperature/ moisture/ electrical conductivity profile (-0.2 and -0.4 m in south of tower), sunshine duration sensor (4 m, towards south). The observations included the following: air temperature and humidity (Ta_2 m, Ta_4 m, and Ta_8 m; RH_2 m, RH_4 m, and RH_8 m) (℃ and %, respectively), wind speed (Ws_2 m, Ws_4 m, and Ws_8 m) (m/s), wind direction (WD_2 m, WD_4 m, and WD_8 m) (°), air pressure (press) (hpa), precipitation (rain) (mm), four-component radiation (DR, incoming shortwave radiation; UR, outgoing shortwave radiation; DLR_Cor, incoming longwave radiation; ULR_Cor, outgoing longwave radiation; Rn, net radiation) (W/m^2), infrared temperature (IRT) (℃), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) (μmol/ (s/m^2)), soil heat flux (Gs_5 cm, Gs_10cm) (W/m^2), soil temperature (Ts_20 cm, Ts_40 cm) (℃), soil moisture (Ms_20 cm, Ms_40 cm) (%, volumetric water content), soil water potential (SWP_20cm , SWP_40cm)(kpa) , soil conductivity (Ec_20cm, Ec_40cm)(μs/cm), sun time (h). The data processing and quality control steps were as follows: (1) The AWS data were averaged over intervals of 10 min for a total of 144 records per day. The meteorological data were missing during Aug. 29 to Oct.18 because of unstable power supply due to battery box flooding; The wind speed and direction profile data were rejected because of sensor failure; The precipitation data were rejected because of program error; The air humidity data before Mar. 2 were rejected due to program error; (2) Data in duplicate records were rejected. (3) Unphysical data were rejected. (4) The data marked in red are problematic data. (5) The format of the date and time was unified, and the date and time were collected in the same column, for example, date and time: 2018-6-10 10:30.
ZHAO Changming, ZHANG Renyi
This dataset includes data recorded by the Cold and Arid Research Network of Lanzhou university obtained from an observation system of Meteorological elements gradient of Dunhuang Station from January 1 to December 31, 2018. The site (93.708° E, 40.348° N) was located on a wetland in the Dunhuang west lake, Gansu Province. The elevation is 990 m. The installation heights and orientations of different sensors and measured quantities were as follows: air temperature and humidity profile (4m and 8 m, towards north), wind speed and direction profile (windsonic; 4m and 8 m, towards north), air pressure (1 m), rain gauge (4 m), infrared temperature sensors (4 m, towards south, vertically downward), soil heat flux (-0.05 and -0.1m ), soil soil temperature/ moisture/ electrical conductivity profile (below the vegetation in the south of tower, -0.05 and -0.2 m), photosynthetically active radiation (4 m, towards south), four-component radiometer (4 m, towards south), sunshine duration sensor(4 m, towards south). The observations included the following: air temperature and humidity (Ta_4 m, Ta_8 m; RH_2 m, RH_4 m, RH_8 m) (℃ and %, respectively), wind speed (Ws_4 m, Ws_8 m) (m/s), wind direction (WD_4 m, WD_8 m) (°), air pressure (press) (hpa), precipitation (rain) (mm), four-component radiation (DR, incoming shortwave radiation; UR, outgoing shortwave radiation; DLR_Cor, incoming longwave radiation; ULR_Cor, outgoing longwave radiation; Rn, net radiation) (W/m^2), infrared temperature (IRT) (℃), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) (μmol/ (s m-2)), soil heat flux (Gs_0.05m, Gs_0.1m) (W/m^2), soil temperature (Ts_0.05m, Ts_0.2m) (℃), soil moisture (Ms_0.05m, Ms_0.2m) (%, volumetric water content), soil conductivity (Ec_0.05m, Ec_0.2m)(μs/cm), sun time(h). The data processing and quality control steps were as follows: (1) The AWS data were averaged over intervals of 10 min for a total of 144 records per day. The data were missing during Jan. 23 to Jan. 24 because of collector failure; the data during Mar. 17 and May 24 were wrong because of the tower body tilt; The air humidity data were rejected due to program error. (2) Data in duplicate records were rejected. (3) Unphysical data were rejected. (4) The data marked in red are problematic data. (5) The format of the date and time was unified, and the date and time were collected in the same column, for example, date and time: 2018-6-10 10:30.
ZHAO Changming, ZHANG Renyi
The dataset of automatic meteorological observations was obtained at the Binggou cold region hydrometerological station (N38°04′/E100°13′), south of Qilian county, Qinghai province, from Sep. 25, 2007 to Dec. 31, 2009. The experimental area with paramo and riverbed gravel, situated in the upper stream valley of Heihe river, is ideal for the flat and open terrain and hills and mountains stretching outwards. The items were multilayer (2m and 10m) of the air temperature and air humidity, the wind speed, the air pressure, precipitation, four components of radiation, the multilayer soil temperature (5cm, 10cm, 20cm, 40cm, 80cm and 120cm), soil moisture (5cm, 10cm, 20cm, 40cm, 80cm and 120cm), and soil heat flux (5cm and 15cm). The raw data were level0 and the data after basic processes were level1, in which ambiguous ones were marked; the data after strict quality control were defined as Level2. The data files were named as follows: station+datalevel+AMS+datadate. Level2 or above were strongly recommended to domestic users. The period from Sep. 25, 2007 to Mar. 12, 2008 was the pre-observing duration, during which hourly precipitation data (fragmented) and the soil temperature and soil moisture data were to be obtained. Stylized observations began from Mar. 12, 2008. As for detailed information, please refer to Meteorological and Hydrological Flux Data Guide.
WANG Jian, CHE Tao, MA Mingguo, Wang Weizhen, LI Hongyi, HAO Xiaohua, HUANG Guanghui, Zhang Zhihui, TAN Junlei
This dataset includes data recorded by Cold and Arid Research Network of Lanzhou university obtained from an observation system of Meteorological elements gradient of Dayekou Station from January 1 to December 31, 2018. The site (100.285° E, 38.555° N) was located on a glassland in the Dayekou, which is near Zhangye city, Gansu Province. The elevation is 2694 m. The installation heights and orientations of different sensors and measured quantities were as follows: air temperature and humidity profile (8 m), air pressure (2 m), rain gauge (2 m), infrared temperature sensors (2 m, towards south, vertically downward), soil heat flux (below the vegetation, -0.05 m; towards south), soil soil temperature/moisture/electrical conductivity profile (-0.05 m) photosynthetically active radiation (2 m, towards south), four-component radiometer (2 m, towards south), sunshine duration sensor(2 m, towards south). The observations included the following: air temperature and humidity (Ta_8m; RH_3m, RH_5 m, RH_8m) (℃ and %, respectively), wind speed (Ws_8m) (m/s), wind direction (WD_8m) (°), air pressure (press) (hpa), precipitation (rain) (mm), four-component radiation (DR, incoming shortwave radiation; UR, outgoing shortwave radiation; DLR_Cor, incoming longwave radiation; ULR_Cor, outgoing longwave radiation; Rn, net radiation) (W/m^2), infrared temperature (℃), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) (μmol/ (s m^2)), soil heat flux (Gs_5 cm) (W/m^2), soil temperature (Ts_5cm)(℃), soil moisture (Ms_5cm)(%, volumetric water content), photosynthetically active radiation (μmol/ (s m^2)), soil water potential (Swp_5cm)(kpa), soil conductivity (Ec_5cm)(μs/cm), sun time(h). The data processing and quality control steps were as follows: (1) The AWS data were averaged over intervals of 10 min for a total of 144 records per day. The data were missing during Aug 29 to Oct 18 because the battery is unstable; Some meterological data were wrong because the malfunction of datalogger (1.3-1.6；1.8-1.11；1.14-1.20；1.23-1.30；2.9-2.22；2.28-3.23；3.28-5.12); The air humidity data were rejected due to program error. (2) Data in duplicate records were rejected. (3) Unphysical data were rejected. (4) The data marked in red are problematic data. (5) The format of the date and time was unified, and the date and time were collected in the same column, for example, date and time: 2018-6-10 10:30.
ZHAO Changming, ZHANG Renyi
The dataset of automatic meteorological observations was obtained at the Dayekou Maliantan grassland station (E100°18′/N38°33′, 2817m) from Nov. 2, 2007 to Dec. 31, 2009. The experimental area with a flat and open terrain was slightly sloping from southeast to northwest. The landscape was mainly grassland, with vegetation 0.2-0.5m high. Observation items were multilayer gradient (2m and 10m) of the wind speed, the air temperature and air humidity, the air pressure, precipitation, four components of radiation, the multilayer soil temperature (5cm, 10cm, 20cm, 40cm, 80cm, and 120cm), soil moisture (5cm, 10cm, 20cm, 40cm, 80cm, and 120cm), and soil heat flux (5cm & 15cm). The raw data were level0 and the data after basic processes were level1, in which ambiguous ones were marked; the data after strict quality control were defined as Level2. The data files were named as follows: station+datalevel+AMS+datadate. Level2 or above were strongly recommended to domestic users. As for detailed information, please refer to Meteorological and Hydrological Flux Data Guide.
MA Mingguo, Wang Weizhen, TAN Junlei, HUANG Guanghui, Zhang Zhihui
The aim of the simultaneous observation of land surface temperature is obtaining the land surface temperature for different kinds of underlying surface, including the lager areas of homogeneous vegetation with high coverage, water, and concrete floor, while the thermal imager go into the experimental areas of the low reaches. All the land surface temperature data will be used for validation of the retrieved land surface temperature from thermal imager and the analysis of the scale effect of the land surface temperature, and finally serve for the validation of the plausibility checks of the surface temperature product from remote sensing. 1. Observation time On 1 August, 2014 2. Observation samples Three field samples were chosen in the fly zone, which were large areas of homogeneous vegetation (with high coverage), water, and concrete floor. 3. Observation method Surface temperature values were observed continuously for each sample using handheld infrared thermometers during the imager went into the flying area. 4. Instrument parameters and calibration The field of view of the handheld infrared thermometer is one degree and the emissivity was assumed to be 0.95. All instruments were calibrated on 31 July, 2014 using a black body. 5. Data storage All the observation data were stored in an excel.
Li Yimeng, REN Zhiguo, Zhou Shengnan, MA Mingguo
On July 10, 2012, the airborne flight and ground observation was synchronously carried out in the PLMR quadrat of Yingke Oasis and the Huazhaizi Desert. PLMR (Polarimetric L-band Multibeam Radiometer) is a dual-polarized (H/V) L-band microwave radiometer with a center frequency of 1.413 GHz, a bandwidth of 24 MHz, and a resolution of 1 km (relative flight height of 3 km).The radiometer has 6 beams to observe synchronously, and the incident angles are ±7º，±21.5º，±38.5º, and the sensitivity is less than 1K. The flight observation mainly covers the artificial oasis eco-hydrological test area in the middle reaches. This ground-synchronized data set provides a basic ground dataset for developing and validating passive microwave remote sensing inversion soil moisture algorithms. Quadrat and sampling strategy: The observation area is located in the transition zone between the southern margin of Zhangye Oasis and Anyang beach desert, the west side of Zhang (Zhangye)-Da (Daman) highway. It is divided into two parts by the main canal of the Dragon Canal from North to South. The Southwest area is a desert quadrat with the size of 1 km×1 km. The desert is relatively homogeneous, so soil moisture of 5 points in the 1 km quadrat are collected (1 point of each corner and the center point, in the actual measurement process, several extra points can be measured along the road). The four corner points are 600 meters away from each other,except the diagonal direction. And the southwest corner point is Huazhaizi Desert Station, for the convenience of comparison with weather station data. On the northeast side, a large size quadrat of 6 km×1.6 km is selected for simultaneous observation of the oasis underlying surface.In order to obtain the brightness temperature comparison with the PLMR observation, the quadrat was chose based on the following factors :surface coverage representative, avoiding the residential and greenhouses, crossing the oasis farmland and part of the Southern desert, accessibility, and observation time(road consumption). Taking the resolution of PLMR observations into consideration, in the synchronous observation, 11 sampling lines (East-West distribution) were collected with an interval of 160 meters from the East to the West. Each line from the North to the South was separated by 21 points with an interval of 80 meters. And 4 Hydraprobe Data Acquisition System (HDAS, Reference 2) were used to measure simultaneously. Measurement contents: About 230 points of the quadrat were collected, 2 observations were performed on each point, that is, 2 observations were performed on each sampling point of the film mulched corn field, 1 inside the film (marked as a in the data record), 1 outside the film (marked as b in the data record). Since the HDAS system useed the POGO portable soil sensor, the soil temperature, soil moisture (volumetric water content), loss tangent, soil electrical conductivity, soil complex dielectric real part and imaginary part were obtained by observation. No special simultaneous sampling of vegetation was carried out on the same day. Data: The data set includes two parts: soil moisture observation and vegetation observation. The former saves the data as a vector file, the spatial position is the position of each sampling point (WGS84+UTM 47N), and the measurement information of soil moisture is recorded in the attribute file.
WANG Shuguo, LI Xin
This dataset includes the observational data that were collected by two sets of Cosmic-ray Soil Moisture Observation System (COSMOS), named crs_a and crs_b, which were installed near the Daman Superstation in the flux observation matrix from 1 June through 20 September 2012. The land cover in the footprint was maize crop, and the site was located with the cropland of the Daman Irrigation District, Zhangye, Gansu Province. Crs_a was located at 100.36975° E, 38.85385° N and 1557.16 m above sea level; Crs_b was located at 100.37225° E, 38.85557° N and 1557.16 m above sea level. The bottom of the probe was 0.5 m above the ground; the sampling interval was 1 hour. The raw COSMOS data include the following: battery (Batt, V), temperature (T, ℃), relative humidity (RH, %), air pressure (P, hPa), fast neutron counts (N1C, counts per hour), thermal neutron counts (N2C, counts per hour), sample time of fast neutrons (N1ET, s), and sample time of thermal neutrons (N2ET, s). The distributed data include the following variables: Date, Time, P, N1C, N1C_cor (corrected fast neutron counts) and VWC (volume soil moisture, %), which were processed as follows: 1) Quality control Data were removed and replaced by -6999 when (a) the battery voltage was less than 11.8 V, (b) the relative humidity was greater than 80% inside the probe box, (c) the counting data were not of one-hour duration and (d) then neutron count differed from the previous value by more than 20%. 2) Air pressure correction An air pressure correction was applied to the quality-controlled raw data according to the equation contained in the equipment manual. The procedure was previously described by Jiao et al. (2013) and Zreda et al. (2012). 3) Calibration After the quality control and corrections were applied, soil moisture was calculated using the equation in Desilets et al. (2010), where N0 is the neutron counts above dry soil and the other variables are fitted constants that define the shape of the calibration function. Here, the parameter N0 must be calibrated using the in situ observed soil moisture within the footprint. This procedure was previously described by Jiao et al. (2013) and Zreda et al. (2012) 4) Computing the soil moisture Based on the calibrated N0 and corrected N1C, the hourly soil moisture was computed using the equation from the equipment manual. This procedure was previously described by Jiao et al, (2013) and Zreda et al. (2012) For more information, please refer to Liu et al. (2016) (for multi-scale observation experiment or sites information), Zhu et al. (2015) (for data processing) in the Citation section.
LIU Shaomin, ZHU Zhongli, XU Ziwei, LI Xin
The dataset of automatic meteorological observations was obtained at the A'rou freeze/thaw observation station from Jul. 25, 2008 to Dec. 31, 2009, in Wawangtan pasture (E100°28′/N38°03′, 3032.8), Daban, A'rou. The experimental area, situated in the valley highland of south Babaohe river, an upper stream branch of Heihe river, with a flat and open terrain slightly sloping from southeast to southeast and hills and mountains stretching for 3km is ideal for a horizontal homogeneous underlying surface. Observation items included multilayer (2m and 10m) of the wind speed, the air temperature and air humidity, the air pressure, precipitation, four components of radiation, the multilayer soil temperature (10cm, 20cm, 40cm, 80cm, 120cm and 160cm), soil moisture (10cm, 20cm, 40cm, 80cm, 120cm and 160cm), and soil heat flux (5cm & 15cm). The raw data were level0 and the data after basic processes were level1, in which ambiguous ones were marked; the data after strict quality control were defined as Level2. The data files were named as follows: station+datalevel+AMS+datadate. Level2 or above were strongly recommended to domestic users. As for detailed information, please refer to Meteorological and Hydrological Flux Data Guide.
HU Zeyong, MA Mingguo, Wang Weizhen, HUANG Guanghui, Zhang Zhihui, TAN Junlei
Soil respiration observation was carried out for the typical vegetation ground in the lower reaches of the Heihe River Basin during the aviation flight experiment in 2014. The observation started on 23 July, 2014 and finished on 2 August, 2014. 1. Observation time Days from 23 July to 2 August, 2014 (25 July, 2014 excepted) 2. Samples and observation methods Large areas with relatively homogeneous vegetation (greater than 100 m * 100 m) were chosen as the observation samples. And combined the flux tower sites distribution of the lower reaches, five field samples closed to the sites were selected The observation sites sampled including Populus and Tamarix mixed forest, Populus, Tamarix group, bare ground and melon quadrats. 3-5 plots were observed for each samples. The PVC soil rings were installed one day before observation and kept about 5 cm out of the ground (the inner diameter of the PVC is 19.5 cm, the outer diameter is 20.0 cm, and the height is 12.0 cm). Minimal the effects to the surface of vegetation and withered matter when install the rings. In order to avoid fluctuations of the soil respiration value by the PVC rings, soil respiration rate was obtained when it returned to its original state (about 24h after the rings install). The observation time for each day was from 8:00 to 12:00 when soil respiration is relatively stable and can represent the whole day in this time. The Li-8100 Open Path soil carbon flux automatic analyzer was used (Model 8100-103) once for each plot. Cycles of observation for all plots of the five samples were completed for every morning. The soil respiration values of the samples were obtain by averaging the values of plots of the samples. 3. Observation instrument Li 8100 4. Data storage The observation recorded data were stored in excel and the original Soil respiration data were stored in 81x files.
REN Zhiguo
The dataset of ground truth measurement synchronizing with the airborne microwave radiometers (L&K bands) mission was obtained in L2, L4 and L5 of the A'rou foci experimental area on Mar. 19, 2008. The samples were collected every 100 m along the strip from south to north. In L2, the soil temperature, soil volumetric moisture, the loss tangent, soil conductivity, and the real part and the imaginary part of soil complex permittivity were acquired by the POGO soil sensor, the mean soil temperature from 0-5cm by the probe thermometer, and soil gravimetric moisture, volumetric moisture, and soil bulk density after drying by the cutting ring (100cm^3). In L4, the soil temperature, soil volumetric moisture, the loss tangent, soil conductivity, and the real part and the imaginary part of soil complex permittivity were acquired by the POGO soil sensor, the mean soil temperature from 0-5cm by the probe thermometer, the surface radiative temperature measured three times by the hand-held infrared thermometer, and soil gravimetric moisture, volumetric moisture, and soil bulk density after drying by the cutting ring (100cm^3). In L5, soil volumetric moisture was acquired by ML2X, the mean soil temperature from 0-5cm by the probe thermometer, and soil gravimetric moisture, volumetric moisture, and soil bulk density after drying by the cutting ring (100cm^3). Surface roughness was detailed in the "WATER: Surface roughness dataset in the A'rou foci experimental area". Besides, GPR (Ground Penetration Radar) observations were also carried out in L6 and the handheld thermal imager observations in L4. Those provide reliable ground data for retrieval and validation of soil moisture and freeze/thaw status from active remote sensing approaches.
CAO Yongpan, GU Juan, HAN Xujun, LI Zhe, WANG Jianhua, Wang Weizhen, WU Yueru, ZHOU Hongmin, LI Hua, CHANG Cun, YU Meiyan, ZHAO Jin, PATRICK Klenk, SUN Jicheng, YAN Yeqing
The dataset of soil temperature profile (5cm, 10cm, 15cm and 20cm) observations was obtained in the Yingke oasis and Huazhaizi desert steppe foci experimental areas from May 27 to Jul. 13, 2008. Diurnal observations were carried out in the bare land near No. 5 building of the resort at 6:00 and 12:00 from May 27 to Jun. 14, and in Yingke oasis No. 4 plot at 10:00 from Jun. 15 to Jul. 13. Besides, intensive observations were carried out at an interval of one hour from 6:00 on Jun. 2 to 6:00 on 3, 2008.
GE Yingchun, SHU Lele, WANG Jianhua, XU Zhen, SU Gaoli, LIANG Wenguang, YU Fan, Wang Jing, LI Xiaoyu
The data set collects the long-term monitoring data on atmosphere, hydrology and soil from the Integrated Observation and Research Station of Multisphere in Namco, the Integrated Observation and Research Station of Atmosphere and Environment in Mt. Qomolangma, and the Integrated Observation and Research Station of the Alpine Environment in Southeast Tibet. The data have three resolutions, which include 0.1 seconds, 10 minutes, 30 minutes, and 24 hours. The temperature, humidity and pressure sensors used in the field atmospheric boundary layer tower (PBL) were provided by Vaisala of Finland. The wind speed and direction sensor was provided by MetOne of the United States. The radiation sensor was provided by APPLEY of the United States and EKO of Japan. Gas analysis instrument was provided by Licor of the United States, and the soil moisture content, ultrasonic anemometer and data collector were provided by CAMPBELL of the United States. The observing system is maintained by professionals on a regular basis (2-3 times a year), the sensors are calibrated and replaced, and the collected data are downloaded and reorganized to meet the meteorological observation specifications of the National Weather Service and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). The data set was processed by forming a time continuous sequence after the raw data were quality-controlled, and the quality control included eliminating the systematic error caused by missing data and sensor failure.
MA Yaoming
The dataset of ground truth measurement synchronizing with the airborne imaging spectrometer (OMIS-II) mission was obtained in the Linze station foci experimental area on Jun. 15, 2008. Observation items included: (1) soil moisture (0-5cm) measured by the cutting ring method (50cm^3) in LY06 and LY07 strips (repeated nine times). The preprocessed soil volumetric moisture data were archived as Excel files. (2) surface radiative temperature measured by three handheld infrared thermometer (5# and 6# from Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, and one from Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources, which were all calibrated) in the LY06 and LY07 strips (49 points and repeated three times), and Wulidun farmland quadrates (various points and repeated three times). Data were archived as Excel files. See the metadata record “WATER: Dataset of setting of the sampling plots and stripes in the Linze station foci experimental area” for more information of the quadrate locations.
DING Songchuang, PAN Xiaoduo, Qian Jinbo, SONG Yi, YU Yingjie
The dataset of ground truth measurements synchronizing with airborne Polarimetric L-band Multibeam Radiometer (PLMR) mission was obtained in upper reaches of the Heihe River Basin on 1 August, 2012. PLMR is a dual-polarization (H/V) airborne microwave radiometer with a frequency of 1.413 GHz, which can provide multi-angular observations with 6 beams at ±7º, ±21.5º and ±38.5º. The PLMR spatial resolution (beam spot size) is approximately 0.3 times the altitude, and the swath width is about twice the altitude. The measurements were conducted along two transects respectively located at the west and east branches of the Babaohe River and two sampling plots in the A’rou foci experimental area. Along the transects, soil moisture was sampled at every 50 m in the west-east direction. In order to keep the ground measurements following the airborne mission as synchronous as possible in temporal, measurements were made discontinuously. In the A’rou foci experimental area, two sampling plots were identified with areas of 1.5 km × 0.6 km and 0.85 km × 0.6 km. In each plot, soil moisture was sampled at every 50 m in the west-east direction and 100 m in the north-south direction. Steven Hydro probes were used to collect soil moisture and other measurements. Concurrently with soil moisture sampling, vegetation properties were measured at some typical sampling plots. Observation items included: Soil parameters: volumetric soil moisture (inherently converted from measured soil dielectric constant), soil temperature, soil dielectric constant, soil electric conductivity. Vegetation parameters: biomass, vegetation water content, canopy height. Data and data format: This dataset includes two parts of measurements, i.e. soil and vegetation parameters. The former is as shapefile, with measured items stored in its attribute table. The measured vegetation parameters are recorded in an Excel file.
LI Xin, MA Mingguo, WANG Shuguo
This dataset includes soil moisture, soil temperature and land surface temperature observations of 50 WATERNET wireless sensor network (WSN) nodes during the period from May to September 2012, which is one type of WSN nodes in the Heihe eco-hydrological wireless sensor network (WSN). The WATERNET located in the 4×4 MODIS grids in the observation matrix in the Zhangye oasis. Each WATERNET node observes the soil moisture, soil temperature, soil conductivity and complex dielectric constant at 4 cm and 10 cm depths by the Hydra Probe II sensor. There are 29 nodes among the WATERNET with the SI-111 sensor at 4 m height to measure the surface radiance temperature. The operational observation interval is 10 minutes, and the intensive observation mode with 1 minute is activated during 00:00-04:30, 08:00-18:00 and 21:00-24:00 (UTC+8), in order to synchronize with airborne or satellite-borne remote sensors. This dataset can be used in the estimation of surface hydrothermal variables and their validation, eco-hydrological research, irrigation management and so on. The detail description please refers to "WATERNET_Data_Document_HRBMiddle.docx”.
KANG Jian, Wang Zuocheng, Dong Cunhui, LI Xin, MA Mingguo
During the 2012 aerial remote sensing experiment conducted midstream, Li-Cor8100 was used to measure soil respiration every five days in the EC matrix area. Instrument: LI-Cor8100 Measuring Method: Soil respiration ring was made using PVC pipe with length of 10 cm. Before measuring soil respiration, soil respiration ring was inserted into the soil, 4 cm in soil and 6 cm above soil. Soil respiration measurement should be taken after standing for at least 24 hours science ring was inserted in soil. Sample measurement time is during 9-12 in the morning. Set of three replicates per plot. Marked according to EC site name. Data content: Data content includes header information, and once every five days repeated three times observations value and the average value. Measuring location: EC sites within the matrix core experiment area (No. EC01 to EC17), each plot set three repeat samples. For the superstation (EC15) plot set nine repeat samples. Measuring time: From 6 June to 20 August, 2012, once every five days for site EC01, EC03, EC05, EC10, EC11, EC12, EC13, EC14, and EC17; from 1 July to 20 August, 2012, once every five days for site EC02, EC04, EC06, EC07, EC08, EC09 and EC16. The time used in this dataset is in UTC+8 Time. Part of the observation points during the observation just irrigation, these times are not observable.
LI Yuan, SHI Weiyu, SONG Yi
The project studying the evolution pattern and development trend of the arid environment in western China was a major research component of the project Environmental and Ecological Science for West China, which was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China. The leading executive of the project was Academician Zhisheng An from the Institute of Earth Environment of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The project ran from January 2002 to December 2004. The data collected by the project include the following: 1. History and variability data for arid regions in western China: 1) Chinese Loess Plateau mass accumulation rate data (3600-0 kyr BP): Fields include age and mass accumulation rate (MAR) (txt file). 2) Chinese Loess Plateau grain size and magnetic susceptibility data (3600-0 kyr BP): Fields include age, stacked mean grain size, and stacked magnetic susceptibility (txt file). 2. Sporopollen content data of different loess strata since 12 kyr BP in the Yaozhou District of Shanxi Province (excel table): The distributions of 27 species of sporopollen (0-397 cm) from 67 different layers of loess samples are included. 3. 10Be record data (table) 10Be concentration, magnetic susceptibility and bulk density data of loess with different thicknesses (79.67- 0.09 kyr BP). 4. Simulation data on the modulation of the East Asian monsoon resulting from orbital variability driven by the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau: ah0-sum.nc nc file, hh0-sum.nc nc file, jfh0-sum.nc nc file, kdh0-sum.nc nc file, lfh0-sum.nc nc file, mask.nc nc file, phis.nc nc file.
AN Zhisheng
The first dataset of ground truth measurements synchronizing with TerraSAR-X was obtained in the Daman foci experimental area on 4 June, 2012. The satellite image was in StripMap mode and HH/VV polarization with an incidence angle of 22-24°, and the overpass time was approximately at 19:00 UTC+8. The second dataset of ground truth measurements synchronizing with TerraSAR-X was obtained in the Daman foci experimental area on 15 June, 2012. The satellite image was in StripMap mode and HH/VV polarization with an incidence angle of 22-24°, and the overpass time was approximately at 19:00 UTC+8. The third dataset of ground truth measurements synchronizing with TerraSAR-X was obtained in the Daman foci experimental area on 26 June, 2012. The satellite image was in StripMap mode and HH/VV polarization with an incidence angle of 22-24°, and the overpass time was approximately at 19:00 UTC+8. The measurements were conducted at a sampling plot southeast to the Daman Superstation with an area of around 100 m × 100 m, which was dominantly planted with maize. Steven Hydro probes were used to collect soil moisture and other measurements with an interval of 5 m. For each sampling point, two measurements were acquired within an area of 1 m2, with one for the soil covered by plastic film (point name was tagged as LXPXXA) and the other for exposed soil (point name was tagged as LXPXXB). Concurrently with soil moisture sampling, vegetation properties were measured at around 10 locations within this sampling plot. Observation items included: Soil parameters: volumetric soil moisture (inherently converted from measured soil dielectric constant), soil temperature, soil dielectric constant, soil electric conductivity. Vegetation parameters: biomass, LAI, vegetation water content, canopy height, row distance and leaf chlorophyll content. Data and data format: This dataset includes two parts of measurements, i.e. soil and vegetation parameters. The former is as shapefile, with measured items stored in its attribute table. The measured vegetation parameters are recorded in an Excel file.
WANG Shuguo, LI Xin
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